� � � � ʮ � ˽ �� � һ � �

ѧ ʱ � � 2 ѧ ʱ

� � � ⣺16.2.3 � � � � � � f ߴ � � ѡ � �

Ŀ � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � е � � � � � � � � 㣬 � � �������������������غ�

� ص � :� � � � � � е � � � � � � � � �

�ѵ㣺��������غ�

� � ѧ � � � � � � � � y � �

16.2.3 � � � � � � f ߴ � � ѡ � �

1. � � � � � � е � ʧ Ч � � ʽ

(1) ƣ � ͵ � ʴ

� � � غ � � � � � � £� � � � � � � � � � � � Ȧ � Ӵ � � � � � � � � � � Ӵ � Ӧ � � � �

� � � Ӵ � Ӧ � � ѭ � � � � � � � ﵽ һ � � � � ֵ � � � � � � Ȧ � � � � � � � � � � � � � Wan gamma � � ƣ � ͵ � ʴ � � ʹ � � � ʧ ȥ � � � � � � � � � � � � ʧ Ч � �


(2) � � � Ա � � �

� ڹ � � � ľ � � غ ɻ � � � � غ � � � � � � £� � � � � � � � � � � � Ȧ � � � � � � � ܲ � � � � � � Ա � � Σ � � � ʹ � � kind guide � � � � � � � � � � � � � ʧ Ч � �

(3) ĥ � �

� � � � � � ܷ ⲻ � ɿ � � � � � � � � � � � ೾ � � � � � creates � � � ʱ � � � � � � ײ � � � ĥ � � ĥ � �

2. � � � � � � е awesome ߴ � ѡ � �

� � � � � � � � � � � � � (including Ĺ � � � � � У � � � � � � � � � � � � Ϊ ƣ � ͵ � ʴ � � ʧ Ч � � � � � Թ � � � � � � Ӧ � � � н Ӵ � ƣ � � � � � � � � � 㡣

��1������������ͻ�������غ�

� � � � � �

� � � � � � kappa � predominate һ � � Ԫ � � � � � � ƣ � ͵ � ʴ � � ǰ � � ת � � � � ת � � � � � � � � � � � һ � � ת � � � creates � � � � � С ʱ � � � � Ϊ � � е � � � � � � �

�� ���������

һ � � ͬ � ͺ ŵ � � � м � ʹ � � ͬ � � � Ĺ � � � � � � � � � � � ת � � � � � ڲ � � ϡ � � ȴ � � � � ӹ � � � � ص ȵ � Ӱ � 죬 � � � � е � � � � � Ҳ � � � � � � ȫ � � ͬ � �

һ��ͬ�ͺŵ��������ͬ��������תʱ��90%�����δ����ƣ�͵�ʴǰ��ת����ת��������һ��ת���¹�����Сʱ������Ϊ��еĻ�����������ֱ���L10(106ת Ϊ � � lambda) � � L10 h.(С ʱ Ϊ � � lambda) � � ʾ � �

�� ��������غ�

���������Ϊ106ת � � � � L10=1ʱ����ܳ��ܵ�����غɳ�Ϊ��������غɣ��÷���C��ʾ��

��������غ��Ǻ�����еֿ�ƣ�͵�ʴ��������Ҫָ�ꡣ

�����еĻ�������غɴ����俹ƣ�͵�ʴ������ǿ��

����������У���������غ���ָ�����غɣ���Cr� � ʾ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ָ � � � � � غ ɣ � � � Ca.� � ʾ

��еĻ�������غ�ֵ��������ֲ��á�

� � 2 � � � � � � � � � غ �

�������������ϵ�ʵ���غ��Ǿ����غ�Fr�������غ�Fa�ĸ�������ʱ��Ϊ�˼����������ʱ�����������غ����ȼ۱Ƚϣ��轫ʵ�ʹ����غ�ת��Ϊ��Ч�ĵ������غ�P���ڵ������غ�P�����µ�������ʵ�ʹ����غ������µ�������ͬ��

� � � � � � � غ ɵ ļ � � 㹫 ʽ � � � £�

� � � � � � � � У � � "6" ࡢ "1" � ࡢ "2" � ࣩ

ʱ � � Fa/Fr � � e � �P=fpFr

� � Fa/Fr > e ʱ � �P=fp(XFr+ YFa.)

ʽ � �.fPΪ � غ � ϵ � � � � � � � � 16-8 � � X � � � Y ֱ � Ϊ � � � � � غ � ϵ � � � � � � � � � غ � ϵ � � � � � � � � 16-9 � � e Ϊ � � � � � غ � Ӱ � � ϵ � � � � � � � � 16-9 � �

� � Բ � � � � � � � � У � � "N" ࣩ

Բ � � � � � � � � � һ � � ֻ � ܳ � � ܾ � � � � غ ɣ � � � � � � � � غ � ΪP=fpFr

� � � � � � � � �

� � � � � � � ֻ � ܳ � � � � � � � � غ ɣ � � � � � � � � غ � ΪP=fpFa.

� غ � ϵ � �fP

� غ � � � � �

� � � �

fP

� ޳ � � � � � � ΢ � � �

� � � � � � � � ֻ � � � ͨ � � � � � ˮ � �

1.0 � � 1.2

� е ȳ � �

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � ȼ � � � � ұ � � � е � � � � � ػ � е � � � � � � � � 1.2 � � 1.8

ǿ � � � �

� � � ֻ � � � � � � � � � � � � ̽ � � � � � � � � 1.8 � � 3.0

� � � � � � � غ ɵ X � � � Y ϵ � �

C0 rΪ�����������غɣ��ɲ�ƷĿ¼�������������ֵ�ɲ�ƷĿ¼���й��ֲ�����

3 � � � � � � � � � � е � � � � � � � � 㹫 ʽ

��������֤����������е���������еĻ�������غɡ�������ܵ��غɣ��������غɣ����йأ��䷽��Ϊ

P� �L10=� � � �

� � ˹ � � � � � е � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ʽ Ϊ

� � � ø � � � ת � � � n (including Ĺ � � � С ʱ � � � � � � ʾ � � � � Ϊ

� � � � � � ʽ � � � � � ¶ ȵ � � � 1000C � � � � � � � (including o � � ģ � � � � ¶ ȸ � � � 1000Cʱ����ʹ����غ�Cֵ���ͣ����Ҫ�����¶�ϵ��fT� �

ʽ � �[LH.]Ϊ � � е � Ԥ � � � � � � � � � � lambda ΪH.� � � ɸ � � ݻ � � � � ľ � � � Ҫ � � � &western � � � ȷ � � � �

� ¶ � ϵ � �fT

� � е Ĺ � � � � ¶ � /0C

100

125 150 175 200 225 250 300
fT 1 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.60

� � � Ԥ � � � � � � � IJ &western � ֵ

� � � � � � � �

Ԥ � � � � � � / С ʱ

� � � � � � ʹ � o � � � � � � � � Zhi 500
� � � շ � � � � � 500 � � 2000
� � � ʹ Ļ � o � � � � ж � ʹ � o � � � � � � � � � � غ � � � � � ֶ � � � е � � ũ ҵ � � е � � 4000 � � 8000
� ж � ʹ � u � � � � � � � � غ � � � Ļ � е � Zhi � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ͻ � � � � � � � � � 8000 � � 12000
Y � չ � � � 8 С ʱ � Ļ � � � � � � � � ʲ � � ߵ awesome � � ִ � � � � � � � � � � 12000 � � 20000
� � � � � ʽ ϸ ߵ � ͨ � � � Zhi � � � � � � � � 20000 � � 30000
� � � � � � � � 24 С ʱ � Ļ � � � һ � � ɿ � � Ե Ŀ � � � ѹ � � � � � � � � � � � ˮ � o � 50000 � � 60000
� ߿ ɿ � � Ե ĵ � վ � Zhi � � � � � � ˮ װ � o � > 100000

� �

���Ի�������غ�C��ʾ���ɵ�

� � 1

4 � � � � � ǽ Ӵ � � � е � � � � � � غ ɼ � � � (� � � ڽ ǽ Ӵ � � � � � С 7 � � � � � Բ ׶ � � � � � � С 3 � � � � � � � � � � � � �)

� � � ǽ Ӵ � � � е � � ڲ � � � � � � �

� � � � � � � � � � � �

� ǽ Ӵ � � � е � � ڲ � � � � � � � Fs

Բ ׶ � � � � � � �

� ǽ Ӵ � � � � � �

(c) 7000 � � = 150

(ac) 7000 � � = 250

(7000 b) � � = 400

Fs = Fr / 2 y

Fs = eFr Fs = 0.68 Fr Fs = 1.14 Fr

� � � � � � � � �

� � � � � � � � � Ƶ � � � � ƣ � � � ʱ � � Т � � � � ڱ � � ˸ Ƕ � ס � � ѹ � � � � � � ƽ � � ˣ � � � � � � � Т � � � � ɣ � � � � ɶ ˣ � � �

� ɴ ˵ � � � � � � � � � ܵ � ʵ � � � � � � � غ ɷ ֱ � Ϊ � �

(� � � Т � ɶ �)

(� � � Т � � � �)

� � � � � � � Ƶ � � � � ƣ � � � ʱ � � Т � � � � ڱ � � ˸ Ƕ � ס � � ѹ � � � � � � ƽ � � ˣ � � � � � � � Т � � � � � (� � � ɶ) � � �

(� � � Т � ɶ �)

(� � � Т � � � �)

� � � � � Ϸ � � � � � � ɵ o � � ǽ Ӵ � � � е � ʵ � � � � � � � غ ɵ ļ � � 㷽 � � Ҫ � 㣺

1 � �� � � � � � е İ � װ � � ʽ � � ȷ � � � ڲ � � � � � � � � Ĵ � С � � � � � �� �

2 � �� ж � ȫ � � � � � � � غ ɺ � � � � ķ � � � ȷ � � � � ѹ � � � � � � � (� � � �) � � � � � � � ɵ � � � � � (ɶ) � � �

3 � �� � � � � ˡ � � � � � � � ܵ � ʵ � � � � � � � غ ɣ � Ӧ Ϊ � � � � � � � � � ڲ � � � � � � � ֮ � ⣬ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Ĵ � � � � ͣ �

� � � ɶ ˡ � � � � � � � ܵ � ʵ � � � � � � � غ ɣ � � � � � � � � � � ڲ � � � � � � � � �

� � 2

� �

� �
Baidu