� � � �. � � � � � �. � � � � � � � � � � � ڵ � lambda � � � ǣ �� � ҳ� �� � � � � �V � � � � � ʹ � � ֵ Ľ ṹ

8.2V � � � ʹ � � ֵ Ľ ṹ

V � � � � � � ͨ V � � � � խ V � � � � � � n � � � � � � � � n � � � � � � Ш � � n � � � ȡ � � � � � � � � � ͨ V � � � � խ V � � Ӧ � y Ϲ 㣬 � � � � � � Ҫ � � � � � � ͨ V � � � � � � � �

һ � � n � � � Ĺ � � � ׼

� � ׼ V � � � � � Ƴ � � ޽ � ͷ � Ļ � � the delta � � � � � � � � � ṹ � � ͼ � � ʾ � � ǿ � � � � Ľ ṹ � � ʽ � � � � � � � ṹ � � � � � � � ṹ � �

V � � � � � � � � � ֵ Ľ ṹ � � Ƽ � � � � � ѡ � �

� � һ � � � ṹ � � �� � � � � � � � � � ֽ ṹ � � � � � � ʾ � �

� � � � � � � � Ե � � � � � 壨 � ַ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ɡ � � � Ե � Ǵ � � ֵ Ĺ � � � � � � ֣ � � � � � � � � � � ֲ ۡ � � ֲ ۳ ߴ � � � � � � � � Ǵ � � � � � � � � � � � Ӳ � � ֣ � � � Ե � � � � � � � � � � ַ � � � � � � dam � � � ӳ � һ � � � 塣
V � � � ְ � � � � 壨 � ַ � � � � ṹ � IJ � ͬ � � Ϊ � � � fell � � � � � ʽ � � � � 1 � �ʵ � Ĵ � � �� � 2 � �� � � � � � �3 � � � �� װ � � � �4 � � � �� ַ � � � � �
� �
Baidu