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2.1.1 � � � ķ ֽ � � � � � ƽ � � � ı � � eta � � � � � � � � � � � � o � � � � � � � � � Ժ ϳ � Ϊ һ � � � � � � � � � � � � Ψ һ � ģ � � � � � � � � � � � Ҫ � � һ � � � � ֪ � � � ֽ � Ϊ � � � � � � � � � � � � � 㹻 � � � � � � � � � ƣ � � � ⽫ � Dz � � � � ġ � 2.1.2 � � � � � � � � � � � ϵ � Ͷ Ӱ
ע � �. � � � � Ͷ Ӱ � Ǵ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � higher � � � £� � � � � a � � b � � � � � � � � � x ᣨ � � � y ᣩ � � � � � � һ � � ʱ � � � � � � F � � Ͷ Ӱ Fx � � � � Fy � � ȡ � � ֵ � � � � ֮ � � ȡ � � ֵ � �
2.1.3 � � � � Ͷ Ӱ � � � �
� � � � Ͷ Ӱ � � � � � �� � � � � � the awesome һ � � � ϵ � Ͷ Ӱ � � � ڸ � � � � � � � ͬ һ � � � � Ͷ Ӱ � Ĵ � � � � ͡ � 2.1.4 ƽ � � 㽻 � � ϵ � � ƽ � � � � � � ƽ � � 㽻 � � ϵ � � � Ժ ϳ � Ϊ һ � � � � � � � � � � ƽ � � 㽻 � � ϵ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � gear � � Ȼ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 㣬 � � � � � � � � ƽ � � 㽻 � � ϵ � � � � � � � ´ � � � ƽ � � ״ ̬ � � ƽ � � 㽻 � � ϵ ƽ � � ı � Ҫ � ͳ � � � � � � � Ǹ � � � ϵ � ĺ � � � F � � � � � 㡣 � �

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� � � � Ϊ � � AB � � AC � � � 뻬 � ֽ Ӵ � � � � � � Ը � AB � � AC � � � � � ܵ � � � � Ϳ � � � ͨ � � � � Ի � � ֵ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ˣ � ȡ � � � � Ϊ � о � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ͼ � � � � � � � � � � Ϊ ԭ � 㽨 � � ֱ � � � � � � ϵ � � � � ƽ � � 㽻 � � ϵ ƽ � � � � � � � � ƽ � ⷽ � � � � 
� ⾲ � � ѧ ƽ � � � � � � � һ � 㷽 � � � Ͳ � � 裺 1. ѡ � � � о � � � � � � � ѡ � о � � � � � Ӧ � � � � ֪ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � the delta ֪ � � � � ֱ � ӹ � ϵ � � � � � � � � � � Ӧ � � ƽ � � � � � � � � � � ֪ � � � � � � the delta ֪ � � � � 2. � � � � � � ͼ � � � � � о � � � � � � � � � � ⲿ � غ ɡ � Լ � � � � � � � � � ʣ � � � � о � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � o � � � � � � � � � ͼ � � 3. � � � � � � � � ϵ � � � � � � ƽ � � � � � � � � ƽ � ⷽ � � � ڽ � � � � � � � ϵ ʱ � � � � � � � һ � � � � һ � � the delta ֪ � � � � ֱ � � � ڸ � � � ƽ � � � � � � � � ƽ � ⷽ � � ʱ � � Ҫ ע � � � � � Ͷ Ӱ � � � � � � � š � � � � � � � � � � � f � � ָ � � � ʱ � � ˵ � � ԭ � � � Ji � � � � ʵ � � � � � � � � � � � ෴ � � 2.2 � � � � � � ƽ � � � � ż ϵ 2.2.1 � � � Ե � ֮ � �?(� � � Ϊ � � � �) 1. � � � Ե � ֮ � ص ĸ � � � Ϊ���������Ը����˶���ת��ЧӦ���������Ե�֮�صĸ��
� � � Ե � ֮ � � � � Mo � � F � � � � � � ʾ � � � � Mo (F) = � � Fd һ � � أ � � � ƽ � � � � � � � � һ � � F � � � � ƽ � � � � � � ȡ һ � � O � � � �� � � �� � � O 㵽 � � � � � � � ߵ Ĵ � ֱ � � � � d � � Ϊ� � � �� �
Mo (F) = � � 2 � � OAB � � � Ե � ֮ � � � � һ � � � � � � � � ʽ � е � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ص � ת � � � � � � � � � IJ � ͬ � � � � � ز � ͬ � � � higher � � � � ʹ � � � � � ƾ � � � � � � � ʱ � 뷽 � � ת � � ʱ � � � � � � ȡ � � � ţ � � � ֮ � � ȡ � � � š � � � � ص ĵ � lambda � � Nmm � � � � � � � ص Ķ � � � � ֪ � � 1 � � � � � � � � � � F � � � � � � � � � � � ƶ � � � � � � � Ϊ � � � Ĵ � С � � � � � � � � � � ۶ � � u и ı 䣬 � � � Բ � � � ı � � � � � � the awesome һ � � � ĵ � � � � ء � � � 2 � � � � F = 0 � � � � Mo (F) = 0 � � � � Mo (F) = 0 � � F � � 0 � � � � d = 0 � � � � � � F ͨ � � O � 㡣 � � � ص � � � � � � � � � � � ǣ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ͨ � � � � � ġ � 2. � � � � � ض � � � � � � � � � � � � � A � � � � � � � � ƽ � � 㽻 � � ϵ F1� � F2� � - Fn � � � � � � � ĺ � � � F � � � ɻ 㽻 � � ϵ � ĺ ϳ � � � � a
� � � � � � ϵ � и � � � � � ƽ � � � � � � һ � � O � ľ أ � � � OA = l � � � � Mo (F1) = F1d1= - F1lsina.1= F1 yl Mo (F2) = F2 yl Mo (Fn) = Fnyl � � � � ͼ � � � Կ � � � � � � � � � F � � O � � ľ � Ϊ Mo = Fd = F (F)lsina.= Fyl � ݺ � � � Ͷ Ӱ � � � � � � Fy= F1 y+ F2 y+ - + Fny FyL = F1 yL + F2 yL + - + Fnyl � � = Mo Mo (F) (F1(F) + Mo2) + - + Mo (Fn)
� � � � � ض � � �ƽ � � 㽻 � � ϵ � ĺ � � � � � ƽ � � � � � � � � һ � � ֮ � أ � � � � � � � � � � з � � � � � ͬ һ � � � � � � ص Ĵ � � � � ͡ � 3. � � � Ե � ֮ � ص � � �(� � � ص � � �) 1 � � � � � � � � � ص Ķ � � � ʽ � � � � � � � � � � � � � ۵ awesome ˻ � � � � � � ء � ע � ⣺ � � � � � d Ǿ � � ĵ � � � � � � � � ߵ ľ � � 룬 � � � � � ۱ � � 봹 ֱ � � � � � � � � � � � ߡ �? � � 2 � � � � � u � � � � ض � � � � � � � � ء � � � � ֽ � 2-3 � � � � ͼ � � ʾ � � � � � � OBC � � O � � Ϊ � � � � ֧ � � Լ � � � � � � F � � � � � � � C 㣬 � ䷽ � � � Ϊ � � � � � � ֪ OB = l � � BC =H.� � � � � � F � � O � � � � � � ء �
1 � � � � � � � � � � � � � ص Ķ � � � � � � � � �
� � ͼ � � � � � � O � � � � � � F � � � � � ߵ Ĵ � � ߣ � � � � this � � a � �. � � � � � � d � � Ϊ � ߶ oa � � � � ٹ B � � � � � � � � � � � � ߵ � ƽ � � � ߣ � � � � � � ۵ � � ӳ � � ߽ � � � � B 㣬 � � � �
� � 2 � � � � � u � � � � ض � � � � � � � � � � � F ֽ � � һ � � � � � � � ķ � � �
� � F � � � � � ؾ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � Ե � O � � � � � ص Ĵ � � � � � � � Mo (F) = Mo (Fcx) + Mo (Fcy) = FhcosA -Flsina.= - F (lsina.- hcosa.) 2.2.2 � � ż � � � � � � � � 1. � � ż � Ķ � � � � ڹ � � � ʵ � � � f � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � С � � ȡ � � � � � � ෴ � � � � � � � � � ƽ � е � � � � � � � � a � ʹ � � � � � � � ת � � � � � � � qing � � � � š ˮ � � ͷ � � ת � � � � � � � ̵ ȡ �
� � ż � � � � � � С � � ȡ � � � � � � ෴ � � � � � � � � � ƽ � е � � � � � � � � � ͼ � е � � � F � � F '� � � � һ � � ż � � � � � � (F� �F ') � � ż � � � � � 桪 � � � � � � � � � � � ڵ � ƽ � � � � ż � ۡ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ֮ � � Ĵ � ֱ � � � � d � � ż � � ת � � � � ż ʹ � � � � ת � � � ķ � � � � � ż ֻ � � ʹ � � � � ת � � � � ı � ת � � ״ ̬ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ʹ � � � � ת � � � � Ч Ӧ � � � � � � � Ե � ľ ض � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � һ � � ż � � Ϊ d � � � � ż (F � � F ') � � � � � � ż � � � � һ � � O � ľ � Ϊ
+ Mo Mo (F) (F ') = F (x) + d - F 'x = Fd � � � ڵ � O � � � � � � ѡ ȡ � ģ � � � � � ż � � � � � � � � � � � � һ � � ľ � = � � ż � � � � � Ĵ � С � � � � ż � ۵ awesome ˻ � � � � � � � � lambda � � � أ � � � ż � ء � � � � � ż � � � � � Ĵ � С � � � � ż � ۵ awesome ˻ � � � � � � � M (F, F ') � � M M (F, F ') = � � Fd � higher � � � � ż � � ʱ � � ת � � ʱ � � � � ż � � Ϊ � � � � � � ֮ Ϊ � � � � � � ż � ص ĵ � lambda � � Nmm � � � � ż ͬ � � � � һ � � � � � � һ � � � � � � � � Mo (F) = � � Fd � � ż � � � � Ҫ � ء � � � � � С � � ת � � � � � � � ƽ � � 2. � � ż � � � � � � 1 � � � � � � ż � � � � � � � � ż � � � � � � һ � � � � � � � � Ч � � Ҳ � � � � � � һ � � � � � � ƽ � ⡣ � � � Խ � � � � � � � ż � � � � � � � � � ϵ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 � � � � ż � � � � � � � � ƽ � � � � � � һ � � � � � � أ � � � � � � � � � � ż � ء � 3 � � � � � � ż � ĵ � Ч � � � � ż � ĵ � Ч � ԡ � � � � � � � � � ͬ һ ƽ � � � � � � � � � ż � � � � � � � ǵ � � � ż � ش � С � � ȡ � ת � � � � ͬ � � � � � � � � � � � � ż � ǵ � Ч � ġ � � � ż � ĵ � Ч � � � � � � 1 � � � � ż � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ת � � � � � ı � � � � � � � � � � � � � a � � � � � ż � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ڵ � lambda � � � ء � 2 � � ֻ Ҫ � � � � � � ż � ز � � 䣬 � � � � ͬ ʱ � ı � � � ż � � � � � Ĵ � С � � � � ż � ۵ awesome � � ̣ � � � � � � � ı � � � ż � � � � � � � � � � � a 2.2.3 ƽ � � � � ż ϵ � ĺ ϳ � � � ƽ � � ƽ � � � � ż ϵ � � � � � � � � � ڸ � � � � � ͬ һ ƽ � � � ڵ Ķ � � � � ż � � 1. ƽ � � � � ż ϵ � ĺ ϳ � � � � � � � � � ż � ĺ ϳ �
� � � � � � � � � � ż � ص � � ڸ � � � � � ż � ص Ĵ � � � � � 2. ƽ � � � � ż ϵ � � ƽ � � ƽ � � � � ż ϵ � ϳ ɵ Ľ � � Ϊ һ � � � � � � ż � � � � � Ҫ ʹ � � ż ϵ ƽ � ⣬ � ͱ � � � ʹ � � � � ż � ص � � � � 㣬 2-4 � � � � AB � � һ � � � � � � ż � � � a � � � � � ż � � M = 100 nm � � � � � � l = 5 M � � � � � � � � � ز � � ƣ � � � � � ֧ � � � � Լ � � � � � � � �
1 � � � � � � � � � � Ϊ � о � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ͼ Fa.� � � � � � FB� � С � � ȡ � � � � � � ෴ � � � � � � � � ƽ � С � � � 2 � � � � ƽ � ⷽ � �
2.3 ƽ � � һ � � � � ϵ ƽ � � һ � � � � ϵ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ϵ ĸ � � � � � � � � ߶ � � � ͬ һ ƽ � � � ڣ � � Ȳ � � ཻ � � һ � � � ֲ � � � ȫ ƽ � С �
� � ͼ � � � ػ � � � � � AB � � ƽ � � һ � � � � ϵ � � � � � � 2.3.1 ƽ � � һ � � � � ϵ � ļ � 1. � � � � ƽ � ƶ � � � � � � Ŀ ɴ � � ԡ � � � � � � � � ڸ � � � � ϵ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ڸ � � � � � � ƶ � � � � � � � � ı � � � Ը � � � � � � � � Ч Ӧ � � � � � ⣺ � � � � � � � ƽ � Ƶ � � � � � � � � � һ lambda � � a � � � � � � � ڸ � � � � � A � � � � � ƽ F � ƶ � � � � � � � � � � � � � һ � � O � �
� � � � � � ż � � � � � � ż � � Ϊ M (F, F ') = � � Fd = Mo (F) � � ʽ � � ʾ � � � � � � � � ż � ص � � � ԭ � � F � � ƽ � Ƶ � � � � � ء � � � � ǣ � � � � � � � � ڸ � � � � � ƽ � Ƶ � � � � F � � � � � � � � ż M Ĺ � ͬ � � � � � £� � � � � � � Ч Ӧ � � � � � � F � � � � � � A � � ʱ � � Ч � � � � � � ƽ � ƶ � � � � � � � � � � ڸ � � � � ϵ � � � � � � � ƽ � Ƶ � � � � � � ϵ � � � � � һ � 㣬 � � � � � 븽 � � һ � � ż � � � li � � � � ż � ص � � � ԭ � � � � ƽ � Ƶ � � � � � ء � � � � � � � � � ƽ � ƶ � � � � � � Խ � � � � ֽ � Ϊ һ � � � � � � һ � � � � ż � � Ҳ � � � Խ � һ � � � � � � һ � � � � ż � ϳ � Ϊ һ � � � � � �
2. ƽ � � һ � � � � ϵ � � ƽ � � � � � � � � һ � � ļ �
� � � � � � � � ʸ � � x � � ļ н � Mo � � � � ƽ � � һ � � � � ϵ � � � � � � = � � � � � � � � � � � � ż � ص Ĵ � � � � ͡ � Y һ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ż � ص � � � ԭ � � � � ƽ � Ƶ � � � � � أ � � � � � � � � ص � � ڸ � � � � � � Լ � � � � ĵ � � � � ص Ĵ � � � � ͣ � � � � � � � � � ϵ � � � ڵ � ƽ � � � ϡ � � � Mo= M.1+ M2+ - + Mn= M.o(F1) + Mo(F2+ - + M)o(Fn) ƽ � � һ � � � � ϵ � � ƽ � � � � һ � � � � o � һ � � � � ʸF 'R� � һ � � � � � � Mo� � � � ʸ � Ĵ � С � � � � ԭ � � ϵ � и � � � � � Ͷ Ӱ � � ƽ � � � � � ٿ � � � � � � � � � � ڼ � � � � � � ϡ � � � � С � ͷ � � � � � � � � � ĵ � ѡ � � � ء � � � � ص � � � ԭ � � ϵ � � � � � � � Լ � � � � � � � � ص Ĵ � � � � ͣ � � � ֵ һ � � � � � � � � ĵ � ѡ � � � й ء � 3. � � � � � � � ƽ � � һ � � � � ϵ � � ƽ � � � � � � һ � � � � o � һ � � � � ʸF 'R� � һ � � � � � �MO � � � � � ⲻ � � � � ϵ � � � � � ս � � � � � � � � � һ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � F 'R= 0,MO � � 0 F 'R� � 0,MO = 0 F 'R� � 0,MO � � 0 F 'R= 0,MO = 0 (� � ϵ ƽ � �) 2.3.2 ƽ � � һ � � � � ϵ � � ƽ � � 1. ƽ � � һ � � � � ϵ � � ƽ � � � � � � ƽ � � һ � � � � ϵ ƽ � � ı � Ҫ � � � � � � � � Ϊ � �
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